Bengali Kayastha is a Bengali Hindu who is a member of the Kayastha community. The historical caste occupation of Kayasthas throughout India has been that of scribes and administrators;the Kayasthas in Bengal also became "the region's surrogate Kshatriya or warrior class" and, alongside Brahmins, are regarded as the "highest Hindu castes" that comprise the "upper layer of Hindu society."
History
Bengali Kayasthas are considered an offshoot of the northern Indian Chitraguptavanshi Kayasths group who claim descent from the sons of Chitragupta. They claim lineage from migrants to Bengal from the ancient city of Kannauj who came at the request of Sena Dynasty kings in the 10th century.
According to Tej Ram Sharma, an Indian historian, the office of Kayastha in Bengal was instituted before the Gupta period (c. 320 to 550 CE), although there is no reference to Kayastha as a caste at that time. He says some scholars have noted that, "originally the professions of Kayastha (scribe) and Vaidya (physician) were not restricted and could be followed by people from different varnas including the brahmanas. So there is every probability that a number of brahmana families were mixed up with members of other varnas in forming the present Kayastha and Vaidya communities of Bengal."
Historians P. C. Choudhuri, K. R. Medhi and K. L. Barua state that "the Brahmins noted in the Nidhanpur and Dubi inscriptions of king Bhaskaravarman" bore surnames "which are at present used by Kayasthas of Bengal and Nagara Brahmins of Gujarat," and "were either of the Alpine origin or pre-Vedic Aryans." Similarly, the Kayasthas and Kalitas of Assam "are also supposed to be descendants of extra-Vedic Aryans".
According to André Wink, another historian, the caste is first referred to around the 5th–6th century CE, and may well have become so identified during the period of the Sena dynasty. Between that time and the 11th–12th century, this category of officials or scribes was composed of "putative" Kshatriyas and, "for the larger majority", Brahmins, who retained their caste identity or became Buddhists. As in South India, Bengal had lacked a clearly defined Kshatriya caste. The Pala, Sena, Chandra, and Varman dynasties and their descendants, who claimed the status of Kshatriya, "almost imperceptibly merged" with the Kayastha caste and became "the region's surrogate Kshatriya or warrior class".
Sekhar Bandyopadhyay also places their emergence as a caste after the Gupta period. Referring to the linkages between class and caste in Bengal, he mentions that the Kayasthas along with the Brahmins and Baidyas, refrained from physical labour but controlled land, and as such represented "the three traditional higher castes of Bengal". Eaton mentions that the Kayasthas continued as the "dominant landholding caste" even after the Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent, and absorbed the descendants of the region's old Hindu rulers.
In Bengal, between 1500 and 1850 CE, the Kayasthas were regarded as one of the highest Hindu castes in the region.
Varna status
A survey of Indian writers and observers suggests that many of those acquainted with the Kayasthas considered them as Dvija or twice-born. However, the claims of Bengali Kayasthas of having Dvija status is not supported by many other Indian observers. The Bengali Brahmins were most active in refuting these claims.
Professor Julius J. Lipner mentions that the caste status of the Bengali Kayasthas is disputed, and says that while some authorities consider that they "do not belong to the twice-born orders, being placed high up among the Shudras; for other authorities they are on a level with Kshatriyas, and are accorded twice-born status."Of note, traditionally, the Hindu community in Bengal was divided into only two Varnas: Brahmins and Shudras. The varna status of Kayastha is considered ambiguous by the scholars like Mathew Sherring, who kept them somewhere between Vaishya and Shudra category. Henry Thomas Colebrooke , on the other hand notes that, majority of Bengali Kayastha use Das as surname, which he interpreted as "slave". According to Coolbrooke, the word "Kayastha" and "Karana" are interchangeable and the latter means an offspring of a Shudra mother, which according to him was the reason for rejecting the Dvija status of the Kayasthas. On the other hand, Herbert Hope Risley identifies Kayasthas as a "highly placed" functional caste group, which is also supported by Wilson, who noticed their long history of involvement in Mughal court as courtiers.
Subcastes
Kulin Kayastha and Maulika Kayastha
According to Ronald Inden, an anthropologist, "many of the higher castes of India have historically been organised into ranked clans or lineages". The Bengali Kayastha was organised into smaller sub-castes and even smaller ranked grades of clans (kulas around 1500 CE. The four major subcastes were Daksina-radhi, Vangaja, Uttara-radhi and Varendra. The Daksina-radhi and Vangaja subcastes were further divided into Kulina or Kulin ("high clan rank")] and Maulika or Maulik, the lower clan rank. The Maulika had four further "ranked grades". The Uttara-radhi and Varendra used the terms "Siddha", "Sadhya", "Kasta" and "Amulaja" to designate the grades in their subcastes.
Origin myths
Kulin Kayasthas have an associated myth of origin stating that five Kayasthas accompanied the Brahmins from Kannauj who had been invited to Bengal by the mythological king Adisur. Multiple versions of this legend exist, all considered by historians to be myth or folklore lacking historical authenticity.According to Swarupa Gupta this legend was
... fitted into a quasi-historical, sociological narrative of Bengal and deployed to explain the realities of caste and sub-caste origins and connections during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.
According to this legend, the five original Kayastha clans are Bose/Basu, Ghosh, Mitra, Guha, and Datta, the first four of whom became Kulin Kayasthas.
Notable people
- Maharaja Pratapaditya, the king of Jessore who declared independence from Mughal rule in the early 17th century, was a Bengali Kayastha.
- Sri Aurobindo, Indian philosopher, yogi and nationalist.
- Nagendranath Basu, historian and editor
- Jagadish Chandra Bose, Indian scientis
- Subhas Chandra Bose, popularly known as Netaji ("Respected Leader"
- A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, founder of the Hare Krishna Movement-ISKCON
- Debapratim Purkayastha, Indian educator and bestselling author
- Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha
- Swami Vivekananda (b. Narendranath Datta)
- Paramahansa Yogananda, author of ‘Autobiography of a Yogi’.